Retrieved 16 April 2017. ^ Krouse, Sarah (1 January 2018). "Piping Hot Gromperekichelcher, Only if You Pass the Sproochentest". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ^ a b "City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications". World Heritage List. UNESCO, World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 16 April 2017. ^ "European Union | Definition, Purpose, History, & Members". Retrieved 12 December 2020. ^ Timeline: Luxembourg – A chronology of key events BBC News Online, 9 September 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006. ^ a b "Independent Luxembourg".
Other high-tech companies have established themselves in Luxembourg, including 3D scanner developer/manufacturer Artec 3D. [citation needed] In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws, as well as its reputation as a tax haven, led to its being added to a "gray list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the G20. In response, the country soon adopted OECD standards on exchange of information and was subsequently added into the category of "jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard". [124][125] In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of Kim Jong-Il's $4 billion in secret accounts was in Luxembourg banks. [126] Amazon. co.
Retrieved 12 December 2020. ^ "Asselborn's final Security Council meeting". Luxemburger Wort. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2015. ^ "Global Ranking – Visa Restriction Index 2020" (PDF). Henley passport index. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ A propos… Histoire du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Luxembourg: Service information et presse du gouvernement luxembourgeois, Département édition.
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International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec. europa. eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022. ^ "Luxembourg". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed. ).
Retrieved 12 December 2020. ^ "Loi du 24 février 1984 sur le régime des langues. - Legilux". legilux. Retrieved 13 September 2021. ^ "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". Epp. eurostat. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ^ "La démographie luxembourgeoise en chiffres" (PDF). Le Portail des Statistiques (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2021. ^ "Country comparison:: POPULATION growth rate". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016.
European Commission. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via GESIS. ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ "Statistiques // Luxembourg". statistiques. public. lu. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ "Luxembourg's demography in figures - edition 2022". ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". IMF. org.
[60] Luxembourg under French rule (1794–1815)[edit] During the War of the First Coalition, Revolutionary France invaded the Austrian Netherlands, and with it, Luxembourg, yet again. In the years 1793 and 1794 most of the Duchy was conquered relatively fast and the French Revolutionary Army committed many atrocities and pillages against the Luxembourgish civilian population and abbeys, the most infamous being the massacres of Differdange and Dudelange, as well as the destruction of the abbeys of Clairefontaine, Echternach and Orval. [62][63] However the Fortress of Luxembourg resisted for nearly 7 months before the Austrian forces holding it surrendered. Luxembourg's long defense led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North.
[19] Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, [20] OECD, the United Nations, NATO, and the Benelux. [21][22] It served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time in 2013 and 2014. [23] As of 2022, Luxembourg citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 189 countries and territories, ranking the Luxembourgish passport fourth in the world, tied with Finland and Italy. [24] History[edit] The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in the year 963, when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications, known as Lucilinburhuc, "little castle", and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St.
[206][207] The nation of Luxembourg collectively spent nearly 7% of its Gross Domestic Product on health, placing it among the highest spending countries on health services and related programs in 2010 among other well-off nations in Europe with high average income among its population. [208] Culture[edit] Luxembourg has been overshadowed by the culture of its neighbors. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the National Museum of History and Art (NMHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum, and the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam). The National Museum of Military History (MNHM) in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the Battle of the Bulge.
HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ "Europe:: Luxembourg — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www. cia. gov. Retrieved 12 December 2020. ^ "Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States on the location of the seats of the institutions (12 December 1992)". Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe. 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Luxembourg | national capital, Luxembourg". Encyclopedia Britannica.
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